In Italy, in the 14th century, humanism has been the intellectual movement of academics, writers and civic leaders. Humanists replied to the utilitarian approach to education by attempting to produce a citizenry capable of speaking and writing eloquently and thereby participating in civic life. The movement was largely based on the beliefs of Italian philosopher and poet Francesco Petrarca, which were frequently centred on humanity's ability to achieve. While Humanism began as primarily a literary movement, its influence swiftly spread into the general culture of the time, reviving traditional Greek and Roman art forms and paving the way for the Renaissance.